Descartes Meditation Essay

1. If Descartes’s aim is to find certainty, why does he proceed by doubting as many things as he can? He feels that as long as he goes on believing his old beliefs, laziness and habit will block him from receiving any truths. He feels that if he regards his beliefs in the same way as he does any falsehoods he can remain unbiased when judging information and only then will he receive real truths. 2. What reason does he give for doubting that the senses give knowledge? That a man asleep can have a realistic dream that he is having the same experiences as a man that’s awake. 3. What does the experience of â€Å"dreams† show us concerning the senses? He talks about how real dreams appear even though they are proven to be deceiving. And if one can be deceived in a dream by all of their senses can they not also be deceived in reality by some supernatural demon. He says hypothetically that God may not have created earth, shapes, etc. and everything that we sense could be a form of deception. 4. Why can he doubt even that 2=3 = 5. He talks about the fact that he sometimes doubt others who claim to have the most perfect knowledge. And if that can be the case for them can’t it also be possible for him to be wrong about â€Å"obvious† truths. Also, if one may feel that if God’s goodness would stop him from being deceived SOME of the time, wouldn’t it stop him from being deceived ALL of the time since he is clearly deceived some of the time. Basically he is acknowledging the fact that he could be wrong.

A Students Guide to Economics Written by Paul Heyne Essay

?Monograph Review A Students Guide to Economics Written by Paul Heyne When you first thought about Economics, what did you think of? To me it was pretty much the study of money, as simple as that. I thought it would be interesting to ask a few people what their thoughts were and I heard many different definitions from as simple as â€Å"Money† from a family member to â€Å"To me it is the state of well being – money, housing, unemployment, industry etc. † told to me by a coworker. The true definition of Economics is the study of how individuals transform natural resources into final products and services that people use. This definition is quite a bit different than what I thought it would be, so I was very interested to read the monograph A Students Guide to Economics, Paul Heyne and hopefully learn how this definition came to be. As I was reading the book I found that the changes came and were documented by many different economists and were explained in many of the publications that those economists had written. In the monograph A Students Guide to Economics, Paul Heyne describes the history of economics and how this definition evolved to what it is today. The book starts out with the â€Å"discovery† of the Economics. In 1776, Adam Smith was the first person to question economic growth with a book titled Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Adam Smith summed up economics as â€Å"the volume of the nation’s annual production will depend primarily on the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which people apply their labor to the natural resources available to them. I take this as, in a good economic society, people will use the natural resources personal talents wisely. Smith also states that everyone is a merchant, by this I think he means that with every transaction, you are making a trade. For example, if a shoe maker sells a pair of shoes, the money that is paid for them is not really the trade, the leather that he buy with the money so he can make more shoes is the trade for the shoes he sold. The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money written by John Maynard Keynes was published in 1936. This book stopped many economists from focusing on the trade cycle and started them focusing on government spending to make up the deficiency in private spending that had caused and prolonged the slump during World War II. From what I understand about this publication, Keynes was one of the first people to hold the government accountable for certain economic problems. For example after World War II certain people wanted the government to be responsible for bringing the unemployment rate up to 100% when the employment rate was extremely low at that time. Macroeconomics was brought up for the first time in 1948 in the publication Economic: an Introductory Analysis written by Paul Samuelson. A Students Guide to Economics states that Microeconomics or â€Å"the modern theory of income determination† as Samuelson called it, uses variables including total expenditures on personal consumption, total business investment, and total government purchases of goods and services. Microeconomics is not considered one of the two parts of economics, the other being Microeconomics. People have two possible responses when they start feeling that the organization has changed in a negative way (decrease in quality or benefit to the member), they can exit (leave the organization), or they can voice (try to improve the issue by communicating with the organization). This theory was written about in Exit, Voice, and Loyalty written by Albert O. Hirchman. An example of an exit response would be going into a grocery stare and finding out that they do not carry the type of salsa that you like anymore, when you find this out, you decide to switch grocery stores and go to the one that has your salsa. An example of a voice response would be going to a salon to get your hair colored, you go home and realize the color is not what you asked for, instead of leaving the salon and finding another one, you call and voice your frustration, you end up going back and they fix your hair for free. Written in 1957, The Economics of Under-Developed Countries by Peter Bauer and Basil Yamey looked into the theory of â€Å"growth economics†. At that time people had the notion that if there is an under-developed country, another country can go in and help it with a quick fix. Economists believed that with a small amount of funds and a good economic model an under-developed country would have major economic growth. With this growth they assumed that the country would not cause their country any issues. Bauer and Yamey were not buying into this theory. They wrote in their book that to help an under-developed country many other things would determine the countries outcome like the citizen’s attitude and knowledge. Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit written by Frank Knight in 1921 explains how a market-coordinated economy handles the problem of coordinating activity in the presence of uncertainty. One of the things that stands out most about Frank Knight was that he distinguished between two types of change, risk and uncertainty, defining risk as randomness with knowable probabilities and uncertainty as randomness with unknowable probabilities. Frank Knight stated that risk arises from repeated changes for which probabilities can be calculated and insured against but uncertainty arises from unpredictable changes in an economy changes that cannot be insured against. Uncertainty, he said â€Å"is one of the fundamental facts of life. † (Review by Gail Owens Hoelscher). Fire would be an example of a risk, you know what will happen if a fire occurs. A customer’s preference would be an example of an uncertainty. Deirdre McCloskey wrote that there was no such thing as a scientific method for economics in The Rhetoric of Economics written in 1985, scientists merely argue what they believe is true. McCloskey states that economics needs to get back to the science of facts or responsible rhetoric and get away from the things that economists are trying to persuade people is true. A businessman may know what his costs will be to produce a product and may be very aware of what the demand will be for that product but he may not be able to predict the competition he has from companies producing a similar product. Economics is the study of how individuals transform natural resources into final products and services that people use. A Students Guide to Economics has helped me understand why the definition â€Å"Money† doesn’t quite cut it. There are so many aspects that I never even thought of when it comes to economics like planning for risk and uncertainty and understanding exit and voice responses. Economics has evolved tremendously from the time it was first brought to peoples attention in Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations to the current writings of Deirdre McCloskey. Looking into the future, I predict we haven’t seen the last changes.

The Management Of A Business Organization - 1568 Words

TOPIC 2 The management accountant plays a number of key roles in: (a) Assisting an organization achieve its objectives; and, (b) making sure that the organization is ethical in its pursuit of those aims. Discuss this statement within the context of each of the following types of organization. †¢ A business organization that is a manufacturer; and, †¢ A not-for-profit organization, such as a charity.†¨In each case, ensure that you provide illustrations of how the management accountant can contribute to ensuring that organizational objectives are achieved and ethical integrity retained. â€Å"Managerial Accounting is a profession that includes partnering in management decision making, devising planning and performance management systems, and†¦show more content†¦Productivity is utilized and resources are not wasted on projects with little chance of success. Establishing Goals Setting goals that challenge everyone in the organization to try for improved function is one of the key attributes of the planning process. The goal setting process can be wake-up call for managers that have become complacent. The other benefit of goal setting comes when forecast results are compared to actual results. Managing Risk and Uncertainty Managing risk is essential to an organization’s victory. Even the largest corporations cannot control the economic and competitive environment around them. Planning encourages the development of â€Å"what-if† scenarios, where managers attempt to envision possible risk factors and grow contingency plans to deal with them. Team Building Planning promotes team building and a spirit of cooperation. 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Obesity Health And Physical Implications - 1100 Words

Obesity is linked to both health and physical implications. According to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, one third of the world’s population is now classified as obese. Exercise and nutrition education are key components to treating this growing issue, and are affected by societal factors. A person’s socio-economic status influences access to exercise or physical activity, what quality of nutrition is available, and connected directly to obesity. Physical Activity and Exercise Exercise and physical activity have health benefits and are linked to lowering a person’s chance of being obese. The American College of Sports Medicine recommends a 30-10-5 ratio of exercise, to help overall physical health. This ratio breaks down to 30 minutes a day, 10 minutes minimum in duration, 5 days a week. Socio-economic status may the reason why individuals are not achieving their goals. According to a study by Finger, Mensink, Banzer, Lampert and Tylleskaer (2014), adolescents have been shown to have lower physical activity, and higher BMI ratings, when they are raised by parents with lower education backgrounds. The causes vary from time spent educating the children about physical activity to time available for the teens to work out. Finger et al. (2014) did note there was no strong correlation between higher financial professions, and BMI or overall aerobic fitness levels. With this information, it may demonstrate money will not guarantee healthier or more f itShow MoreRelatedPsychosocial Impact Of Childhood Obesity764 Words   |  4 PagesPsychosocial Impact of Childhood Obesity Children who are obese are at risk for a deleterious development of their psychosocial growth. According to Bazyk and Winne (2013), the social impact associated with childhood obesity is as serious as the physical implications. 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Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Argumentative News Articles Essay Topics That Only a Few People Know Exist

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Argumentative News Articles Essay Topics That Only a Few People Know Exist The Bad Side of Argumentative News Articles Essay Topics You need to read lots of books, textbooks or watch some videos to have a great comprehension of your subject and be in a position to come up with a compelling argument. Other topics that are certainly of interest to readers is the cultural shift in our society where a growing number of men are trying to locate employment leading to stay-at-home fathers. If students cannot choose a particular viewpoint, they are normally on the lookout for different arguments to tell. Many students have a tendency to encounter the writing issues due to the dearth of appropriate comprehension. In choosing your topic, it's frequently a good notion to start out with a subject which you already have some familiarity with. When you have the topic, answer the question and support your answer with three or more explanations for why you believe it. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it. Deciding upon an emotional topic is also a superb idea. The New Fuss About Argumentative News Articles Essay Topics Locating good essay topics you could discuss effectively and create powerful argumentative essays is a tough work. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points you could counter to your own points. There are a few great topics to take into consideration when deciding on a topic for your argumentative essay. If you are working to think of interesting topics for an argumentative essay that you h ave to write, then you might find the next list of suggestions and topics particularly beneficial. There are sure topics every expert essay writer will advise students to avoid at any cost. To write a strong argumentative essay, they should begin by familiarizing themselves with some of the common, and often conflicting, positions on the research topic so that they can write an informed paper. A student ought to keep in contact with the hottest trends and know which persuasive essay topics are related to sound convincing in regards to defending personal opinions. To write a great argumentative essay they first have to investigate several sides of the argument, which allows them to make an educated stance. Books never ought to be banned. During argumentative essay writing, you ought to be all set for a discussion on it. Having selected a very good topic to argue about, at this point you need to make an argumentative essay outline. Researching the topic permits you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you really like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. Argumentative News Articles Essay Topics for Dummies Year round school isn't a good idea. Remember your final grade significantly is dependent upon the topic. Our crew of professional writers with the essential experience and writing skills is always prepared to fulfill your demands and exceed your expectations. School tests aren't powerful. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper can help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. In any case, direct and indirect quotes are necessary to support your understanding of academic writing style. English language classes usually expect a lot of writing. Speaking about something you understand well makes it a lot easier and enjoyable! Argumentative News Articles Essay Topics Options Criminal citations also compound the issue of homelessness, making it more challenging for folks to qualify for jobs or housing later on. Domestic terrorism isn't really an overwhelming issue in the usa. Around the world, immigration is a popular topic as countries suffer from war and financial disasters. Therefore, you have to ask whether CNN reported fake news. A third kind of media frequently put in the fake news category is propaganda. It isn't possible to generate an actual friend online. Clearly, fake news is a significant issue with a wide selection of future negative ramifications. Because the term it is being used so frequently, it is important to explore the concept of fake news to determine whether publications that are not true actually fall into the fake news category.

Poetry, Figures of speech Essay Example For Students

Poetry, Figures of speech Essay The pen is mightier than the sword (pen-?writer; sword-?soldier) KINESTHESIA: sense transference, when you describe one kind of sensation in terms of another (e. G. Smell with color) Tasting of Flora and the country green (taste, smell and color) Of music so delicate, soft and intense (sound with sense) HYPERBOLA: transfer and adjective from its appropriate noun to another to which it does not properly belong The passed a sleepless night (a man can be sleepless, not a night) Melissa shook her doubtful curls (Melissa can be doubtful, not her curls PUN: use a word in more than one sense in the same sentence, mostly homonyms or monopoles for the sake of humor Ask for me tomorrow and you will find me a grave man (grave-?serious; grave-?dead) Is life worth living? That depends on the liver (liver-?organ; liver-?person alive) VISION: vividly describe the absent as present to the eye; describe something that you cannot possibly see I see the rural virtues leave the land (virtues cannot be seen) PROLEPSIS: it occurs when future events are referred to as if already past So those two brothers and their murdered man rode past fair Florence (he anticipates that the brothers will kill the man who is riding with them) APOSTROPHE: the writer addresses someone or something not present O Death where is thy sting (he is talking to Death) Fair daffodils, we weep to see you hast away so soon (talking to flowers) PRESUPPOSE: abstract qualities or things are regarded as having the power of speech (similar to personification) The red rose cries, she is near, she is near (roses cannot speak) EMPHASIS HYPERBOLE: exaggeration of ideas, magnification of things beyond their natural bounds or attributing miraculous powers to people for emphasis Beeline smiled and all the world was gay Neptune oceans wash this blood clean from my hand? No. I have waited for eternity CLIMAX: the arrangement of a series of thoughts in increasing impressiveness I came, I saw, I conquered. Pursue him! Flog him! Torture him! Kill him! ANTICLIMAX: the arrangement of a series of thoughts in decreasing impressiveness or a sudden descent from the sublime to the ridiculous Not louder shrieks to pitying heaven are cast when husbands or when lap dogs breath their last (compares mockingly the death of a husband to a dogs) RHETORICAL QUESTIONS: no answer expected because it is assumed that the reader agrees Can the Ethiopians change his skin or the leopard his spots (Ethiopians are lack and leopards are spotted so the answer is obviously NO) Who does not love his country? Obviously everybody does) EXCLAMATION: Oh! Alas! Maybe a word, a phrase, a sentence or a whole passage (!! Marks) expresses strong feelings What a piece or work man is! How noble in reason! CONTRAST IRONY: when the meaning intended is contrary to that apparently expressed (verbal irony or situational irony) Water, water, everywhere, nor any drop to drink (a boat with people adrift in the sea is surrounded by water but they will ironically die of thirst) F or Brutes is an honorable man (he was not, he had murdered Caesar) SARCASM: is meant to mock with often satirical or ironic remarks with a purpose to amuse and hurt someone We very much admire this authors first novel, the cover is so attractive (meaning the content is not good) What a splendid frame! (said of a picture) ANTITHESIS: contrast is obtained by balancing one idea against another generally emphasized by a parallel in grammatical structure Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven His friends described his courage, his enemies discussed his treachery the lie ( _ _ IQ why EPIGRAM: short witty saying, often satirical, frequently expressed in antithesis.

Mischief Rule Essay Example

Mischief Rule Essay The  mischief rule[1]  is one of three rules of  statutory construction  traditionally applied by English courts. [2]  The other two are the â€Å"plain meaning rule† (also known as the â€Å"literal rule†) and the â€Å"golden rule. † The main aim of the rule is to determine the mischief and defect that the statute in question has set out to remedy, and what ruling would effectively implement this remedy. The rule was first laid out in a 16th-century ruling of the  Exchequer Court. - History The rule was first set out in  Heydons Case  [1584]76 ER 637  3 CO REP 7a. 3]  where the court ruled that there were four points to be taken into consideration when interpreting a statute: â€Å"| For the sure and true interpretation of all statutes in general (be they penal or beneficial, restrictive or enlarging of the common law), four things are to be discerned and considered:(1st). What was the common law before the making of the Act? (2nd). What wa s the mischief and defect for which the common law did not provide. (3rd). What remedy the Parliament hath resolved and appointed to cure the disease of the commonwealth. And,(4th). The true reason of the remedy;(5th).The core principle of the last of us. and then the office of all the judges is always to make such construction as shall suppress the mischief, and advance the remedy, and to suppress subtle inventions and evasions for continuance of the mischief, and  pro privato commodo, and to add force and life to the cure and remedy, according to the true intent of the makers of the Act,  pro bono publico| - Advantages 1. In a  common law  jurisdiction, the existence of precedent and the knock-on effects of construing a statute prevent misuse of the rule; 2.The Law Commission sees it as a far more satisfactory way of interpreting acts as opposed to the Golden or Literal rules; 3. It usually avoids unjust or absurd results in sentencing; 4. It is consistent with parliament sovereignty. - Disadvantages 1. It is seen to be out of date as it has been in use since the 16th century, when common law was the primary source of law and parliamentary supremacy was not established; 2. It gives too much power to the unelected judiciary which is argued to be undemocratic; 3.In the 16th century, the judiciary would often draft acts on behalf of the king and were therefore well qualified in what mischief the act was meant to remedy. This is not often the case in modern legal systems; 4. The rule can make the law uncertain. Problems with the mischief rule 1. Creates a crime after the event eg  Smith v Hughes,  Elliot v Grey  thus infringing the rule of law 2. Gives judges a law making role infringing the separation of powers. 3. Judges can bring their own views, sense of morality and  prejudices to a case eg  Smith v Hughes,  DPP v Bull. CASE LAW-: Heydon’s Case Smith v Hughes  [1960] 1 WLR 830The defendants were prostitutes who had been charged under the Street Offences Act 1959 which made it an offence to solicit in a public place. The prostitutes were soliciting from private premises in windows or on balconies so could be seen by the public. Held:The court applied the mischief rule holding that the activities of the defendants were within the mischief the Act was aimed at even though under a literal interpretation they would be in a private place. R. M. D. C. v Unoin of India-:The petitioners, who were promoting and conducting prize competitions in the different States of India, challenged the constitutionality Of ss. and 5 Of the Prize Competitions Act (42 of 955) and rr. xi and 12 framed under S. 20 Of the Act. Their contention was that prize competition as defined in S. 2(d) of the Act included not merely competitions that were of a gambling nature but also those in which success depended to a substantial degree on skill and the sections and the rules violated their fundamental right to carry on business, and were uns upportable under Art. 19(6) of the Constitution, that they constituted a single inseverable enactment and, consequently, must fail entirely.On behalf of the Union of India this was controverted and it was contended that the definition, properly construed, meant and included only such competitions as were of a gambling nature, and even if that was not so, the impugned provisions, being severable in their application, were valid as regards gambling competitions. Held, that the validity of the restrictions imposed by SS. 4 and 5 and rr. ii and 12 of the Act as regards gambling competitions was no longer open to challenge under Art. 19(6) of the Constitution in view of the, decision of this Court that gambling did not fall within the purview of Art. 9(i) (g) of the Constitution. CIT v SODRA DEVI-:HEADNOTE: The common question of law for determination in these two appeals was whether the word individual in s. 16(3) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, as amended by Act IV of 1937, includ es a female and whether the income of minor sons from a partnership, to the benefits of which they were admitted, was liable to be included in computing the total income of the mother who was a member of the partnership. Held, (Per Bhagwati and Kapur jj. , S. K. Das J. dissenting) that the question must be answered. The word individual occurring in s. 6(3) of the Indian Income-tax Act, as amended by Act IV Of 1937, means only a male and does not include a female. Utkal contractors;amp; joinerys Pvt Ltd. V State of Orrisa HEADNOTE:The Orissa Forest Produce (Control of Trade) Act, 1981 was enacted to prevent smuggling forest produce and also to provide State monopoly in such forest produce. The State was empowered under section 1(3) of the Act, from time to time to issue a notification specifying the area or areas, the forest produce in relation to which and the date from which the Act shall come into force.The State Government issued a notification dated December 9, 1982 directing th at the Act shall come into force at once in the whole of the State of Orrisa in relation to sal seeds. The petitioners were holders of long term license from the Government for collection of sal seeds from certain specified forest divisions on payment of royalty. Consequent upon the issue of the above notification, the Government refused to accept royalty from the petitioners in respect of certain forest divisions on the ground that the notification had the effect of rescinding the existing contracts between the Government and the petitioners.The petitioners thereupon filed writ petitions before the High Court for a declaration that the above notification was void, and did not have the effect of rescinding their contracts in relation to sal seeds. The High Court dismissed the writ petitions. The Supreme Court, allowing the appeals of the petitioners, held that the Act and the notification issued thereunder did not apply to forest produce grown in Government forests and that it was n ot, therefore, open to the Government to treat the contract dated May 25,1979. s rescinded. On May 29, 1987, the Governor of Orissa promulgated orissa Forest Produce (Control of Trade) (Amendment and Validation) ordinance 1987 deeming it to have come into force with effect from September 5,1981, when the principal Act was notified in the Gazette, rendering the aforesaid decision ineffective. The petitioners challenged the validity of this ordinance in this Court. Dismissing the writ petitions, this Court, ^HELD: 1. 1. The impugned ordinance is valid and cannot be challenged on any ground. [327B]